Effect of Carbon Atoms Number in Alcohol on Combustion

Effect of Carbon Atoms Number in Alcohol on Combustion Research Question How does the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain of primary alcohol affect its enthalpy change of combustion? Independent Variable The independent variable in this investigation is the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain of primary alcohol. Five different primary alcohol will be used, namely, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable in this investigation is the enthalpy change of combustion of primary alcohol. Enthalpy change of combustion is the energy released when one mole of fuel is completely burnt in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. To measure the enthalpy change of combustion, the heat given out during combustion is first absorbed by water which is calculated by q = mc à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾T where m is the mass of water, c is the specific heat capacity of water and à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾T is the temperature change of water. The heat given out is then divided by the number of moles of alcohol used during the investigation. As combustion is an exothermic reaction, a negative sign is added to give the final enthalpy change of combustion. Control Variables: The table below shows the variables that have to be controlled: Hypothesis: The higher the number of carbon is in the hydrocarbon chain, the greater the enthalpy change of combustion of the primary alcohol. One of the evidence for this hypothesis comes from the IB Chemistry data booklet. The standard enthalpy change of combustion for methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol are –726 kJmol-1, –1367 kJmol-1, –2021 kJmol-1 and –2676 kJmol-1 [1]respectively. Another way to get this trend is to use the average bond enthalpy to estimate the enthalpy change of combustion. Though average bond enthalpies are just average values only, they do give an insight on the trend of the enthalpy change of combustion of different alcohol. The general formula for alcohol is CnH2n+2O. The general equation for combustion of alcohol is CnH2n+2O (l) + 1.5nO2 (g) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   nCO2(g) + (n+1)H2O(l) When the number of carbon increases by one, the following table shows the extra bonds to be broken and extra bonds formed: The average bond enthalpies for the above bonds are shown in the table below: [2] The net change in enthalpy change when one more carbon is added = + 2 Ãâ€" 413 + 347 – 2 Ãâ€" 746 – 2 Ãâ€" 464 = – 1247 kJmol-1 Thus, the enthalpy change of combustion of primary alcohol will decrease by 1247 kJmol-1 (more negative) when one more carbon is added to the hydrocarbon chain. Apparatus: 100 cm3 measuring cylinder ( ±1 cm3) Ãâ€" 6 (one for each alcohol and the other for water) (2 d.p. ) Electronic balance ( ±0.01 g) Ãâ€" 1 Tripod Ãâ€" 1 Copper container with lid Ãâ€" 15 (one for each trial) Stand and clamp Ãâ€" 1 (use to hold the thermometer in position) Mercury in glass thermometer ( ±0.1à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C) Ãâ€" 2 (one is used to measure temperature of water and the other used for monitoring the temperature of surrounding) Stirrer Ãâ€" 1 Aluminium heat shield Ãâ€" 4 (to reduce heat loss) Spirit burner with wick Ãâ€" 15 (one for each trial) Lid Ãâ€" 1 (for extinguishing the flame) Stopwatch ( ±0.01 s) Ãâ€" 1 Ruler ( ±0.1 cm) to measure the length of wire and the position of the thermometer Scissor Ãâ€" 1 (used to cut the wick) Chemicals 750 cm3 of distilled water (50 cm3 for each trial) 100 g of each of the following primary alcohol at a concentration of 90%. Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol Procedures Prepare a spirit burner. Cut the length of its wick to approximately 3.0 cm (the portion outside the burner) with a pair of scissors and a ruler. Measure 50 cm3 of methanol with a 100 cm3 measuring cylinder and pour it in a spirit burner. Weight the spirit burner with an electronic balance. Record the mass of the spirit burner in the table below. Measure 50 cm3 of distilled water with another 100 cm3 measuring cylinder and pour it in a copper container. Place the copper container on a tripod and cover it with a lid. Use stand and clamp to hold a thermometer in the beaker of water. Use a ruler to make sure that the bottom of the thermometer is 1.0 cm from the bottom of the beaker and make sure the thermometer is approximately located at the centre of the beaker. Record the initial temperature of the water and put it in the table below. Place a stirrer in the water. Stir the water throughout the process of heating. Surround the whole setup with heat shield made of aluminium to reduce heat loss. Ignite the wick of the spirit burner with a lighter. Place the spirit burner under the beaker. Immediately start the stopwatch and wait for two minutes. Stop the stopwatch after two minutes. Use a lid to extinguish the flame. Record the highest temperature reached by the thermometer and put it in the table below. Allow the spirit burner to cool. Weigh the final mass of the spirit burner with an electronic balance. Put the mass in the table shown below. Repeat the experiment (Step 1 to 16) two more times. Repeat the same experiment (Step 1 to 17) for other primary alcohols (i.e. ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol). Table for recording raw data and some processed data: Data Processing The mass of fuel used (m) is calculated by subtracting the final mass of spirit burner from the initial mass of spirit burner. The temperature change (à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾T) is calculated by subtracting the final temperature by the initial temperature. The heat (q) absorbed by water can be calculated by the formula q = mc à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾T where m is the mass of water used: 50 g (as the density of water is 1 g cm-3) c is specific heat capacity of water: 4.18 Jg-1K-1 Number of moles of fuel used can be calculated by dividing the mass of fuel used (m) by the molar mass of the fuel. The molar mass is found by adding up the relative atomic mass of the element involved. For example, the molar mass of methanol (CH3OH) is 12.01 + 4 Ãâ€" 1.01 + 16.00 = 32.05 gmol-1. The enthalpy change of combustion of alcohol is found by dividing the heat by the number of moles of fuel with a negative sign added to show that it is exothermic. A graph is plotted with enthalpy change of combustion (y-axis) against the number of carbon atom is the hydrocarbon chain of the primary alcohol (x-axis). Compare this graph with the graph in the hypothesis. Safety Alcohols are flammable. Avoid naked flame near alcohol. [1] Chemistry data booklet (First examinations 2009). United Kingdom: International Baccalaureate, 2008. Print. [2] Chemistry data booklet (First examinations 2009). United Kingdom: International Baccalaureate, 2008. Print.

Positive Outcome for Children Essay

Outcome 2: Understand how practitioners can make a positive difference in outcomes for children and young people. Question 1: Identify the positive outcomes for children and young people that practitioners should be striving to achieve. As we already discussed this in one of the five outcomes in Every Child Matters. As a qualified child care worker I should be aware and make positive contribution in the entire are of child development and support and improve them to achieve all across the five ECM outcomes. Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well-being. All the children Trust have a board of representatives to ensure that children have accessible and develop plan in a comprehensive and simple manner. A Trust is a partnership which brings the entire organisation together for example schools, police, Family Doctors, Social Workers, and so on. Their aim is to take responsibility for services for children and young people with their families’ to share information, protect and committing to improving children and young people’s lives and each one of them will plan and show how to meet these five outcomes in their area. Every Child Matter is cover from birth to 19 years old. This was highlighted by the tragic death of Victoria Climbie at the hands of her cares, resulting in a independent inquiry into her death. The Laming Report in 2003, in common with other inquiries into child deaths over years, criticised the approach to protecting children on our society. The Laming Report resulted in a green paper, Every Child Matters, which in turn led to the Children Act 2004 in England and other four countries in the UK. 1.To achieve positive outcome in Early Years Foundation Stage whatever their religion or background the government introduce free health meal at school with milk and five a day to all children in which help to reduce obesity in some way because there are most children who don’t have chance to eat at least two or three variety of  fruit a day also it help the parents to achieve the healthy way of living for the seek for the wellbeing for their children. 2. We must comply with law for the safeguarding for children to be safe at all times and we can encourage them, doesn’t matter of age of child that any point they make is valuable to us and must be considerable. We must let them know that they have the voice and they must be heard if they feel any dough or danger. We can make positive difference by keeping children safe from accidents, crime and bullying, forced marriages, missing children, safe environments, FGM, and many more. At Early Years Foundation Stage by the ag e of five a child must achieve 90% of success in school in all area that needed of child development. 3. Every child have right to enjoy and achieve in their study. We are requiring following a child holistic development to observe children doing rather than assuming that you know what are interested in and become familiar with their needs. By the age of Eleven (secondary school) children are expected to achieve a very height expectation in English and Maths skill for adult life at least 90% and in most of the subjects at the age of 15. When the children are well supportive at school their achievement are high expectable by the age of 15, 90% must achieve 5 equivalent GCSEs and at age 19 at least 80% will achieve two to three equivalent A Levels. 4. Making positive contribution for children and young people which include create environment for the children that will help them to develop self-confidence. In my setting we encourage the children to make their own choices and for them to know that us as practitioners are there to support them if they so need it. Making positive contribution which could lead children and young people to participating in positive activities for skills for their lives which motivate their emotion, behaviour, personalise, socialise and promote their well-being I which will reduce the risk of young people getting involved in crime. 5. Achieve economical well being for children and young people we must ensure that all the children’s activities and play areas encourages them to develop their own independent skills that meet with curriculum which will help and lead them to achieve all the learning outcome in their lives for the better future or career for them to be Doctor, Scientist, Pilot and so on. The better achievement economic we plan, the better it will be for children and young people to exceed in their education which will help us beat poverty and many more. BIBLIOGRAPHY Textbook: Children And Young People’s Workforce Early Learning & Childcare Level 3 Author names: Penny Tassoni, Kate Beith, Kath Bulma and Sue Griffin Series Consultant: Maureen Smith Publisher’s name: Heinemann Work-Based Learning. Published on 2010.

A Brief Overview of the Interralatedness of the Three Gospels

Introduction: Coming to Terms with the Problem Most everyone who reads the Synoptic Gospels observes similarities that exist among them; their passages are very similar in content and structure which would make one think the authors borrowed material from each other or perhaps at all the same sources. However they are equally different in content and structure. This brings about the problems with the Synoptic Gospels commonly called the â€Å"Synoptic Problem. † Looking for a solution that is reasonable and defensible, we will look at biblical history, early church history, and the content of the Gospels themselves.As I answer these questions, and bring an overview to the synoptic problem, and provide a defense of the Fourfold-Gospel Hypothesis as the most reasonable and dependable solution to the problem. A General Description of Synoptic Relationships Synoptic Gospels fall into three separate categories: wording (vocabulary), order (structure), and parenthetical material. Re lationships and Content Consider the following verse from the passage in Matthew 19 about the children coming to Jesus.Matthew 19:14 Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for to such belongs the Mark 10:14 the children come to me, do not hinder them; for such belongs the Luke 18:16 Let the children come to me, and do not hinder them; for to such belongs the Matthew 19:14 kingdom of heaven. † Mark 10:15 kingdom of God. Truly I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom Luke 18:17 kingdom of God. Truly I say to you, whoever does not receive the kingdom Matthew 19:15 And he? Mark 10:16 of God like a child shall not enter it.†And he took them in his arms and Luke 18:17 of God like a child shall not enter it. † Following Swanson’s method of underlining the similarities, one can see there are definite similarities between the Gospels. There are however differences, the italicized words shown in Mark and Luke show the difference in formatting. The parenthetical materials in the Synoptic Gospels writers create the relationship in the content.Stein states that â€Å"it is highly unlikely that two or three writers would by coincidence insert into their  accounts exactly the same editorial comment at exactly the same place†. The Gospels themselves show the phenomenon of similarity and divergence within the structure. Much of the history and teaching of the Synoptic Gospels is contained in pericopac (literary units comprised of one argument or thought) and these pericopae often appear in the same order in all three Gospels, and yet there are obvious differences. Carson and Moo explain this problem well: All three Synoptic Gospels roughly follow the same order of events, even when there is no clear chronological or historical reason to do so.Each evangelist, however, omits material found in the other two, each contains unique incidents, and some of the events that are found in one or both of the others are put in a dif ferent order. The Investigative History of Synoptic Relationships The history of the investigation into the relationship between the Synoptic Gospels is divided into two great epochs: the early Church in the modern church era. The Early Church According to Dugan in his notes a History of Synoptic Problem, many are taken accounts to writing of the life of Jesus of Nazareth including Luke in Luke 1:1-4.Tatian (c. 110-172) put the four Gospels together in his famous book Diatessaron. Tatian worked to fit the four Gospels into one bound book. Ammonius in the third century took Matthews Gospel and broken it paragraphs. He also took the other three Gospels and rearranged their content. Augustine (AD 354-430) produced works called On the Harmony of the Evangelist. Augustine’s work was typical of many harmonies of Gospels purchased early years of the church. Modern synopsis was produced in 1776 by J. J. Griesbach. The Modern ChurchNo attempts were made to parallel the Gospels except for Ammonius until the eighteenth century. The archetype of the modern-day synopsis is Griesbach. From the eighteenth century there’s been an explosion of study and investigation into how the Synoptic Gospels relate to each other. Many criticisms have reason over the Synoptic Gospels from oral traditions to reaction criticism. Proposed Solutions for the Synoptic Problem Forming a hypothesis around the first three Gospels; while looking at the exact agreement within them and yet the wide divergence of what is written in them.There are four principle explanations of the Synoptic Problem. Common Dependence on One Original Source The German critic Gotthold Lessing proposed a solution to the synoptic problem using type of proto-Gospel that has since been lost as a common source for the Gospel writers. This source is referred to as â€Å"Ur-gospel† and it seemed to have been written in Arabic or Hebrew. Lessing understood Luke’s prologue to be a narrative.J. G. Eichho rn and others took the Ur-gospel and modified it to include some possibly â€Å"lost Gospels as the sources for the synoptic Gospels† Common Dependence on Oral Sources  J. G. Herder in 1797, proposed his hypothesis stating the oral summaries of the life of Christ. Gundry believes that the Ur-gospel theory lacks credibility with the relationship between the Gospels. Gundry explains: †¦ Most modern scholars doubt that transmission by word-of-mouth could have retained so many and such minute verbal resemblances as exist among the synoptics, especially in the narrative, which is not so likely to have been memorized verbatim as possibly the words of Jesus were memorized.Common Dependence on Gradually Developing Written Fragments  F. Schleiermacher originally suggested this theory in 1817, suggested that the church began to collect fragmented writings from the apostles. These fragmented writings became the source of material for the Synoptic Gospels. This cannot be true th ough. There is more evidence now than ever that there was simply sharing of material between the synoptic writers. Interdependent This group of proposed solutions assumes that â€Å"two of the evangelists used one or more of the other Gospels in constructing their own.†There were other material that could have been used during this period of time; however the apostles writing at the same time borrowed text from each other to write their own Gospels. The third hypothesis worth mentioning is the Augustine proposal. The Augustine Proposal The Augustine proposal says the Gospels were put into the Canon according to their composition. Some proposal says that Matthew was written first, then Mark, Luke, then John. Augustine is the first theologian from the west to make the connection between Mark and Matthew’s Gospel, and assuming that Luke borrowed documents from both to write his Gospel.Augustine’s theory of interdependent was the predominant theory until the eightee nth century when several other proposals began to surface. The Two-Gospel and Two-Source hypothesis are the most widely accepted theories today. The Two-Gospel (Griesbach) Theory In 1789 J. J. Griesbach published a paper in which he proposed the order of synoptic compositions of Matthew, Luke, and Mark each writer’s previous writers work. Griesbach says Matthew wrote his gospel first, Luke used Matthews Gospel to write his, and Mark used both Matthew and Luke’s Gospel to write his Gospel.Orchard has taken Griesbachs’ theory to a new level. Orchard has done research in the area of the Two-Gospel Theory and believes that Marks Gospel is a composition of Matthew and Luke’s Gospel. The Two-Source Theory This is by far the most widely accepted solution to the Synoptic Problem. Their primary sources of Synoptic Gospels. Markan believes that Mark’s Gospel was written before Matthew and Luke, and â€Å"Q† a saying source. Mark parallels Matthew 97. 2% of the time, while Luke parallels Matthews’s gospel 88. 4% of the time.Mark awkwardly wrote suggesting that it was the first gospel written and that my fuse was written later, using Mark’s primary source, correcting the difficulties with the language. It would be easy later on in expressions that might be misunderstood. With Matthew and Luke having so many verbal language agreements with Mark it would indicate that Mark was written first and they at least collaborated or used the same material when writing the Gospels. The â€Å"Q† becomes a factor when looking at Markans assumption that Matthew and Luke used Marks Gospel yet writing independent of each other.The two source theory is by far the most widely accepted explanation of the Synoptic Problem. With this theory Matthew and Luke used Marks Gospel as their narrative source and Q for their material. However there appears to be a better explanation of the synoptic problem. The Fourfold -Gospel Hypothesis t akes in both the initial evidence the external evidence. The Fourfold -Gospel hypothesis is the most dependable and reasonable solution to the synoptic problem. The fourfold-Gospel Hypothesis: A Most Reasonable and Defensible Solution Scott McKnight makes and observation surrounding the Synoptic Problem.Literary levels connect Matthew Mark and Luke and they are highly mutually dependent on each other. Mark can be considered the middle factor. Benard Orchard gives a logical conclusion to the Synoptic Problem. Orchard states: â€Å"†¦ The historical and patristic evidence, the internal critical evidence for mutual literacy dependence, and the â€Å"scenario† necessary to show how the tendency between the first and the second lines of the argument can be satisfactorily resolved.†With the Fourfold-Gospel Hypothesis, Matthew Rocha particularly Jewish church in acts 1-12, Luke wrote second to provide the gospel to a Hellenistic church that was in a missionary expansion with Paul in acts 13-28, while Mark was last Gospel written and records Peter preaching in Rome. External Historic and Patristic Evidence With fourteen different patristic witnesses on Blacks list that support the theory that Mark wrote last and used Matthew and Luke. According to the Patristic witnesses Matthew wrote second and John wrote last.Paul helped Luke write his Gospel either second or third. According to historic evidence in the early church, Matthew wrote first, second, and Mark). Lea and Black disagree with Markan saying: â€Å"however popular Markan priority may be today, it seems to fly in the face of the statements of the earliest church fathers, who are almost unanimous in asserting that Matthew predated both Mark and Luke. † Internal Evidence Markan states Mark was written first due to the shortness of the Gospel.As Matthew and Luke wrote their Gospels more accurate information was available then when Mark wrote his Gospel. Mark writes about five periods of C hrist’s ministry. Mark’s writing style is also simple and primitive compared with Matthew and Luke. Mark writes much of Peter’s preaching. â€Å"All that internal literacy criticism can do is to show that an existing text could have originated in more than one way. † When looking for reasonable and dependable solutions one must choose â€Å"the source theory that best reflects the actual historical circumstances† for this solution of the SynopticProblem. When looking historically and biblically as a scenario to Mark’s writing the Fourfold- Gospel Hypothesis represents Mark’s writing well. The Scenario of Mark’s Writing In Jerusalem and Palestine during the final stages of the formation of the early church there was almost exclusive focus on preaching of the Gospels to the Jews. Matthew predicts Jesus is the fulfillment of the Jewish prophecy. A need arose as the gospel progressed from Palestine to the Jews of Diaspora and then to the Gentiles. The need for a universal Christ and less Jewish Christ and a more Hellenistic Gospel.This would be Luke’s account it is â€Å"directed toward those Hellenistic congregations founded by the apostle Paul on his missionary journeys. † Mark binds Matthew and Luke’s Gospels together. Black explains Mark’s gospel: â€Å"because secondary chapter, Luke needed the approval of an eyewitness apostle proper accreditation in the church†¦ Peter himself was apostolic eyewitness they provided the accreditation for the gospel of Luke by personally comparing it with the Gospel of Matthew as he gave his own oral version of the stories common to both, at which he himself had been present in person.†Peter uses both Luke and Matthew’s Gospels to preach from, giving accreditation to both Gospels. Paul had been using Luke and Matthews’s gospel and with Peter using them and accepting them it gave a stamp of approval for Paul so no one c ould accuse Paul of wrong-doing. Looking at the Synoptic Problem the Fourfold- Gospel Hypothesis is a dependable solution because it takes into account the biblical writing the Gospels, evidence in the writing of the early church fathers, the internal evidence of the Gospels. All three Gospels speak to their own time period.Conclusion This brief overview of the Synoptic Problem has defined the problem by definition. The source relates to the Synoptic Gospels can be seen as a problem. It is difficult to determine the true source of the Synoptic Gospels. They have been part of the canon and church history for centuries. The Synoptic Gospels are part of the big picture, it is divinely inspired, and the inerrant Word of God. The historical evidence would lead one to believe the Fourfold- Gospel Hypothesis is the most reasonable way to make the picture fit.

The Founding Fathers Of Our Constitution Essay - 1494 Words

In order to ensure that Fundamental Rights did not remain empty provisions, the founding fathers of our Constitution have made various provisions in the Constitution to maintain an independent judiciary. Articles related to Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles and independent judiciary together provide a firm constitutional basis to the growth of Public Interest Litigation in India. The founding fathers envisaged ‘‘the judiciary as a bastion of rights and justice’’. An independent judiciary lanced with the power of judicial review was the constitutional device chosen to achieve the required objective. This jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights was conferred upon both the Supreme Court and the High Courts, hence them being the courts that have entertained all the Public Interest Litigation cases. Impetus for PIL A number of factors contributed to the robust development of PIL in India. The first factor has already been noted above, that is, the constitutional framework relating to FRs and DPs. It is clear that because of FRs and DPs, the Indian judiciary would have enjoyed a comparative advantage in anchoring PIL vis-`a-vis courts of those jurisdictions (such as the United Kingdom and Australia) where there was no Bill of Rights. Secondly, several constitutional provisions concerning the powers of the Supreme Court helped the Court in coming up with innovative and unconventional remedies, which in turn raised social expectations. For instance, a provisionShow MoreRelatedResponsibilities Of The Founding Fathers Of Our Constitution861 Words   |  4 PagesIn respect to the founding fathers of our constitution who so brilliantly, and so painstakingly constructed our one and only form of government has laid out the office, duties and responsibilities of the President of the United States. 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Program Evaluation Critique Essay - 1546 Words

Program Evaluation critique to: Trish Mckay from: steven wayock subject: Team read- program evaluation Critique date: [ 10/31/2012 ] cc: Professor Turner, Margo Jones, Trish McKay Steven Wayock’s Independent program evaluation Critique Team Read’s program evaluation completed by the independent evaluator Margo Jones took an overall look at Team Read based off of statistical analysis conducted in two different phases. These phases evaluated different scopes of Team Read, the readers the coaches and mentors. I Steven Wayock will critique this program evaluation based on the information at hand and will offer Team Read my insight to what this evaluation did properly and what this evaluation lacked based off my expertise. Team†¦show more content†¦This question which is narrowed down by the results in a complicated statistical form does not address the fact that each comparison group that Margo chose was not labeled as deficient in the classroom or on their standardized test as the Team Read readers were when they were chosen for Team Read. These results that were detailed in Margo’s evaluation lacked credibility as the sample compar ison group was generally not the same as the Team Read program participants. The participant often took what is referred to as a similar test but differs in comparison which can cause validity issues around the board for the independent evaluator. The second research question the independent evaluator chose to ask was how does the program affect the reading coaches? 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The Media And Its Impact On Society - 1430 Words

The significant presence of electronic media has gradually led to a crisis for society’s problems. Though it seems to go unnoticed by most, the way that we are obtaining our information is a mere means of entertainment thanks to the universalization of media and television. Postman discusses the consequences of living in a technologically advanced age by discussing four aspects of society that are most affected: the news, religion, politics, and education. Society has shifted from words of reason and sensibility to an era with an epitome for trivial media content. Generally, the overall idea of television is not what makes it problematic for society, but the impression and loss of purpose and truth within our television programs which are to blame. Out of the four aspects mentioned, politics has to be the most corruptive towards society. Politicians are unable to express their intellectual knowledge on important issues and instead of being treated as potential political leaders, they are praised similarly to celebrities. The most recent election led to unending promotional political commercials being broadcasted. The promotional margin of political figures is often taken as a means of self-interest, voting for the ‘most-likeable’ candidate. Gone are the days of understanding and voting for Republicans or Democratic parties. Politics are devalued into forms of imagery, simplicity and brevity while contemplation and deliberation are ruled out. Due to theShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. 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Sony Strategy Essay Example For Students

Sony Strategy Essay INTRODUCTION Success in any company that operates for marketing and profit acquisition lies on the ability of the management in positioning and establishing the products/services being offered. Furthermore, the ability of the company and its management to compete and maintain a competitive edge among its competitor is another basis to say that it is successful. The constant development and innovation on the product line and the growing number of clientele also define the corporate standing of a company. This paper analyses the strategic capability of a company in an electronic industry, SONY Corporation. In analysing how SONY Corporation is competitive, the study utilised SWOT, resource audit, core competencies and value chain analyses for the industry attractiveness. Practical and strategic recommendations are elicited in relation to some pitfalls observed in the case study. Furthermore, analysis on the possible steps taken by SONY are also discussed. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths. One of SONY’s most potent strength is that they are one of the world’s best known brands. As they have been in the business for 62 years now, the experience that they have in manufacturing cannot be overemphasised. They already have built a solid reputation for being a dependable electronics brand. Additionally, they have the strength of being diverse with respect to their product lines, having taken in many companies in the different aspects on electronics production. These subsidiaries are: Sony Electronics, Sony Computer, Entertainment, Sony Ericsson (50%), Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony BMG (50%), Sony Marketing, Sony Life, Sony Assurance, Sony Bank. The wide range of subsidiaries give the clients a wide range of choices within the SONY corporation. Furthermore, the company is not limited to electronic products, though this is their major product line, they also venture to other fields such as the entertainment industry, and the insurance and banking industry. They are also known to be supportive of societal causes, particularly education. SONY has been known to have invested in many foundations and scholarships that bear its name. Traditionally SONYs international operations were a source of that allowed the company to maintain its position as the one of the largest electronic conglomerates in the world and to respond to other companys competitive moves. During the worst years of the Japanese bubble economy in 1980s, the company invested in the entertainment industry. That move provided the cash that saved the company from falling out such as other companies in Japan, and gave it key products that were essential to stem its competitors moves while it invested in new product development. Today, and even if its western operations still represent the bulk of SONYs total operations and world assets, its foreign operations still make substantial contributions to the companys strong performance and leadership in the industry. Weaknesses. The companys organisational structure has become inefficient as the company became more complex. This hindered SONYs ability to manage its international network of subsidiaries, branches, and companies. Additionally, there are a lot of speculations over the likely performance of SONY in the future, as the company’s financing section is swamped down by hefty outstanding debts. The firm is not in risk of bankruptcy, but the SONY management is in a tight spot, and has to be extremely vigilant to not make it any tighter. There is also a notable management issues within the company, with the ousting of former CEO Nobuyuki Idei, replaced by Howard Stringer in the SONY helm. Moreover, due to the dependence of SONY to its former glory and accomplishments, it has remained stuck in its place. Many companies have taken over its spot due to its inability to come up with more innovative products. Also, due to indecisiveness, it is now forced to copy the LCD technology from other leading companies. Finally, because of the increasing competition, the company has witnessed a decline in overall sales, a weakness on their part as they have somehow failed to overcome the challenges that additional competition brings. Opportunities. SONY Corporation has the distinct opportunity to have better and more innovative products, in order to gain back the trust and liking of their clients. Since SONY already has the name, the only thing it needs to do is to make up for its loss in the past few years. Furthermore, it should foster innovation within its mobile phone division. Mobile phones remain a craze not only in Asia, but around the world. SONY should increase its production of â€Å"needed and wanted† products within this division. Phones with cameras, stereos and MP3 players are a hit. If SONY could utilize their expertise in making good built-in MP3 and stereos in mobile phones, they could once again pull their audience back. SONY could further widen the scope of their opportunities through specialising and rationalising its worldwide operations on a regional basis and to develop a network organisation in which its subsidiaries would increase their transactional linkages. Besides SONY learning about the possibilities of producing quality electronic products in their areas of operation at a comparative cost advantage, other relevant factors could bring about new opportunities for exporting vehicles: the parent companys efficiency-seeking strategy; its competitive disadvantage in the TV/LCD/Flat-screen segment of the market and the competitors moves in this market-segment; and the new more flexible regulations in the respective countries in which they have manufacturing plants. Argumentative Essay About SmokingStakeholders are defined as the individuals or organisations which can either gain or lose from the success or failure of a system (2004). (2000) said balance between enhanced company processes and renewed objectives should be critically appraised in order to ensure the success of the company. As such, stakeholder analysis reminds management that it is important to evaluate the interests of the individuals or organisations who can influence or can be affected by the activities of the company. 1985) in his seminal work of value chain proposed it as a tool to identify and to analyse the origins of competitive advantages and suggested that the activities of the business could be grouped into two: primary and support activities. What activities a business undertakes is linked to achieving its competitive advantage, and SONY seemed to be best prepared to implement a global strategy, because of the superior competitive advantages of its foreign operations compared with other companies. Paradoxically, SONYs rivals showed a greater disposition to use resources from outside of Japan. It was not until the 80s that Ford focused on developing a global strategy as a means to enhance its competitive position in the industry. Before then, SONY largely focused on building a strategy that would allow the company to recover its competitive position in its own home market, which was essential for survival. An analysis of the structural and institutional factors that shaped SONYs strategic response both to the new industry rules and the short-term challenges posed by other industry competitors explains this paradox. A number of broad sustainability challenges set the context for all of the value chain activities (see appendix 2). These issues apply across the value chain: (1) Population growth; (2) Urbanisation; (3) Child mortality; (4) Maternal health; (5) Infectious diseases; (6) Biodiversity; (7) Loss of ecosystem services; (8) Poverty; (9) Education; and (10) Gender Equality. All these issues are attended to by the Ford Motor Company in alignment with their efforts to maintain sustainable competitive advantage through preserving the good public image that their clients expect from them. CORE COMPETENCIES SONY has several core competencies which they could utilise to further gain advantage over their competitors, and if possible, overtake LG and other companies in its market leadership in the automotive industry. One core competency of the company is their brand management. The strength of their automotive marketing has been such that their brand is known even in the parts of the world where cars are not the common medium of transportation. Another core competency is their supply chain management, which links to their ability to maintain a steady stream of raw materials coming in for production because of their long-term good standing with their raw materials supplier. Their highly coordinated logistics system handled by outsourced firms also form part of their core competencies, leading to excellent inventory management and always on schedule production activities. Another marked core competency is their ability at the moving assembly line. Being the pioneer of such mass production system, they were able to get ahead of the competitors manufacturing processes-wise and were also able to save on costs and time. Yet another core competency is SONY’s focusing on its product development technology under a single product-information-management program through standardising and incorporating them. If sustainable development is to achieve its potential, it must be integrated into the planning and measurement systems of business enterprises. And for that to happen, the concept must be articulated in terms that are familiar to business leaders. Many observers believe that more stakeholders investors, consumers, nongovernmental organisations and others will insist that companies to take environmental and social costs as seriously as they take purely financial costs. In addition, investors are expected to increasingly seek out sustainable companies and avoid firms with poor environmental performance, judging the sustainable companies as better risks over the long term. Likewise, consumers are expected to search for products that perform well environmentally. CONCLUSION Today, most companies like SONY Corporation find it impossible to create any kind of sustainable competitive advantage based on product alone. It is common knowledge that every one of the successful companies sought and found a precise understanding of how it could create a customer-centered competitive advantage. Thus, there are numerous aspects that every management should tackle. In SONY Corporation, the key internal strengths are the appropriate and effective marketing strategies used. On the other hand, the flaws of the marketing strategies implemented by the company serve as its major internal setback. Then again, the continuous effort of every company likes SONY Corporation to improve its operational standards is the ultimate solution to emerging conditions brought about by different occurrences such as stiff competition, globalisation, technological innovations and others.